QickTite Repair Fittings

for Copper, CPVC, PEX and Polybutylene

Need to perform a plastic tubing repair for an mobile home, RV, manufactured home, or residential home? You've come to the right place! Qest/Qicktite fittings are designed to work great with plastic tubing, or any pipe that is Copper Tube Size. These heavy duty compression fittings install easily with just a wrench! We can't imagine an easier solution than these fittings, which allow you to perform quick, easy repairs in those all-too-common, hard-to-reach, tight spaces. Save time and money with fittings from PlumbingSupply.com®.

Shop Repair Fittings by Size

Shop Repair Fittings by Type

click any of the images below to be directed to that section
repair couplingFits over copper tube-sized PEX, CPVC, Copper, & Polybutylene pipe
QickTite® fittings are rated 180° F. maximum temperature

Couplers / Couplings (aka Unions)
Nominal x Nominal

Coupling
Image Size Price & Quantity
poly b coupling 038x038 3/8" x 3/8" Discontinued
poly b coupling 050x050 1/2" x 1/2" Discontinued
poly b coupling 075x050 3/4" x 1/2" Discontinued
poly b coupling 075x075 3/4" x 3/4" Discontinued Enter a quantity and
poly b coupling 100x075 1" x 3/4" $15.15 Enter a quantity and
poly b coupling 100x100 1" x 1" Discontinued Enter a quantity and

90° Elbows
Nominal x Nominal

Image Size Price & Quantity
poly b elbow 025x025 1/4" x 1/4" $10.17 Enter a quantity and
poly b elbow 038x038 3/8" x 3/8" $8.81 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 1/2" x 1/4" $9.58 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 1/2" x 3/8" $13.48 Enter a quantity and
poly b elbow 050x050 1/2" x 1/2" $10.66 Enter a quantity and
poly b elbow 075x050 3/4" x 1/2" $14.29 Enter a quantity and
Image Size Price & Quantity
poly b elbow 075x075 3/4" x 3/4" Discontinued
poly b elbow 100x050 1" x 1/2" $16.84 Enter a quantity and
poly b elbow 100x075 1" x 3/4" $18.50 Enter a quantity and
poly b elbow 100x100 1" x 1" $19.30 Enter a quantity and

90° Male Elbow Adapters
Nominal x Mips

Image Size Price & Quantity
SUPER SALE
polybutylene male elbow adapter 050x038 1/2" N x 3/8" Mips $7.67
while supplies last
Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male elbow adapter 075x075 3/4" N x 3/4" Mips $8.33
while supplies last
Enter a quantity and
FOR potable/drinking water
Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene male elbow adapter 038x038 3/8" x 3/8" $9.49 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male elbow adapter 050x038 1/2" x 3/8" $9.09 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male elbow adapter 050x050 1/2" x 1/2" Discontinued
polybutylene male elbow adapter 075x075 3/4" x 3/4" $17.27 Enter a quantity and

90° Female Elbows
Nominal x Fips

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene female elbow 050x050 1/2" N x 1/2" Fips $8.19 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 3/4" N x 3/4" Fips $12.32 Enter a quantity and

Drop Ear 90° Female Elbows
Nominal x Fips

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene female drop ear elbow 050x050 1/2" N x 1/2 Fips $12.97 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female drop ear elbow 050x075 1/2" N x 3/4" Fips $12.99 Enter a quantity and
qick tite drop ear elbow 050 mips x 050 fips 1/2" MIPS x 1/2 Fips
Unassembled
(no nut, ring, cone)
For 1/4" N or 3/8" N x 1/2" FIPS
$6.80 Enter a quantity and

Tees - Nominal x Nominal x Nominal
Complete with cone & grip ring

PVC tee diagram
Image Size (A x B x C) Price & Quantity
polybutylene tee 025x025x025 1/4" x 1/4" x 1/4" $11.12 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 3/8" x 1/4" x 1/4" $7.18 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene tee 050x050x050 1/2" x 1/2" x 1/2" Discontinued
polybutylene tee 075x075x050 3/4" x 3/4" x 1/2" Discontinued
polybutylene tee 075x075x075 3/4" x 3/4" x 3/4" Discontinued
polybutylene tee 100x075x075 1" x 3/4" x 3/4" Discontinued
polybutylene tee 100x100x075 1" x 1" x 3/4" Discontinued
polybutylene tee 100x100x100 1" x 1" x 1" $29.81 Enter a quantity and

UNASSEMBLED Tees - MIPT x MIPT x MIPT
WITHOUT Nut, cone & grip ring

PVC tee diagram
Image Size - (A x B x C) Price & Quantity
qicktite tee unassembled body 100 mipt x 075 mipt x 075 mipt 1" MIPT x 3/4" MIPT x 3/4" MIPT
(For 3/4" N x 1/2" N x 1/2" N)
$8.10 Enter a quantity and
qicktite tee unassembled body 100 mipt x 100 mipt x 075 mipt 1" MIPT x 1" MIPT x 3/4" MIPT
(For 3/4" N x 3/4" N x 1/2" N)
$6.25 Enter a quantity and

Male Adapters - Nominal x Mips
Complete with cone & grip ring

Image Size Price & Quantity
SUPER SALE
polybutylene male adapter 025 n x 050 mips adapter 1/4" N x 1/2" Mips $9.88
while supplies last
Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 050x038 1/2" N x 3/8" Mips $11.79
while supplies last
Enter a quantity and
FOR potable / drinking water
Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene male adapter 025x038 1/4" N x 3/8" Mips $8.16 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 038x050 3/8" N x 1/2" Mips Discontinued
polybutylene male adapter 050x050 1/2" N x 1/2" Mips $12.00 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 050x075 1/2" N x 3/4" Mips $18.16 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 075x050 3/4" N x 1/2" Mips $19.20 Enter a quantity and
Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene male adapter 075x075 3/4" N x 3/4" Mips $24.95 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 075x100 3/4" N x 1" Mips Discontinued
qicktite brass male adapter 100 nom x 075 mips adapter qaca54mg 1" N x 3/4" Mips $51.66 Enter a quantity and
poly b male adapter 100x100 1" N x 1" Mips $51.42 Enter a quantity and
Don't see the size you need for potable water? You can use a female adapter (shown below) and a stainless steel nipple

Female Adapters - Nominal x Fips
Complete with cone & grip ring

Poly b female adapter
Shown: Individual Parts
Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene female adapter 050x050 1/2" N x 1/2" Fips $7.21 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 050x075 1/2" N x 3/4" Fips $9.50 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 075x075 3/4" N x 3/4" Fips Discontinued Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 075x100 3/4" N x 1" Fips $13.99 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 100x075 1" N x 3/4" Fips $15.46 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 100x100 1" N x 1" Fips $12.81 Enter a quantity and

Female Coupling - Fips x Fips

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene female coupling 050x050 1/2" Fips x 1/2" Fips $4.33 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female coupling 075x075 3/4" Fips x 3/4" Fips $5.75 Enter a quantity and

Cap - Fips

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene cap 050 1/2" Fips $2.32 Enter a quantity and

Plugs

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene plug 050 1/2" - octagonal head $1.82 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene plug 075 3/4" - square head $2.81 Enter a quantity and

Angle Stop Valves

Image Size Nuts, Cones,
& Grip Rings
Price & Quantity
polybutylene angle stop valve 301 050 fpt x 050 mpt 1/2" FPT x 1/2" MPT None Discontinued Enter a quantity and
polybutylene angle stop valve 302 050 fpt x 025 nom 1/2" FPT x 3/8" OD (1/4" N) 1 Each $11.76 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene angle stop valve 050 fpt x 0375 nom 1/2" FPT x 1/2" OD (3/8" N) 1 Each $11.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene angle stop valve 050 nom x 0375 nom 1/2" N x 1/2" OD (3/8" N) 2 Each Discontinued

Straight Stop Valves

Image Size Nuts, Cones,
& Grip Rings
Price & Quantity
polybutylene straight stop valve 301 050 fpt x 050 mpt 1/2" FPT x 1/2" MPT None $11.96 Enter a quantity and
qicktite straight stop valve 050 mpt x 050 mpt ips-qv411 1/2" MPT x 1/2" MPT None $11.19 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 402 050 fpt x 025 nom 1/2" FPT x 3/8" OD (1/4" N) 1 Each $13.97 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 432 0375 nom x 025 nom 3/8" N x 3/8" OD (1/4" N) 2 Each $15.95 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 442 050 nom x 025 nom 1/2" N x 3/8" OD (1/4" N) 2 Each Discontinued

In-Line Globe Shut-Off Valves - Nominal

Image Size Nuts, Cones,
& Grip Rings
Price & Quantity
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 050 mpt x 050 mpt 1/2" MPT x 1/2" MPT None $20.27 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 4100 100 mpt x 100mpt 1" MPT x 1" MPT None $27.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 3500a 1/4" N x 1/4" N 2 Each $19.13 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 3/8" N x 3/8" N 2 Each $19.89 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 3750a 1/2" N x 1/2" N 2 Each Discontinued

Individual Nuts - For Nominal Pipe Size

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene 025 nut 1/4" $1.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene 0375 nut 3/8" Discontinued
polybutylene 050 nut 1/2" $1.52 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene 075 nut 3/4" $2.77 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene 100 nut 1" $3.48 Enter a quantity and

Individual Grip Rings - For Nominal Pipe Size

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene crimp ring 025 1/4" $1.11 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 038 3/8" Discontinued
polybutylene crimp ring 050 1/2" Discontinued
polybutylene crimp ring 075 3/4" $1.04 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 100 1" $1.07 Enter a quantity and

Cones - For Nominal Pipe Size

Image Size Price & Quantity
polybutylene cone 025 1/4" $0.69 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 038 3/8" $0.50 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 050 1/2" $0.63 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 075 3/4" Discontinued
polybutylene cone 100 1" $0.72 Enter a quantity and

Copper Crimp Rings
For Nominal Pipe Size

Image Size (Nominal) Price & Quantity
polybutylene copper crimp ring 075 3/4" - Limited Stock $0.40 Enter a quantity and

Crimp Style Fittings
For Nominal Pipe Size


Shop Repair Fittings by Size

1/4" Repair Fittings

Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene elbow 025x025 1/4" x 1/4" 90° Elbow $10.17 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene tee 025x025x025 1/4" x 1/4" x 1/4" Tee $11.12 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 025 nom x 050 mips 1/4" N x 1/2" Mips Adapter
NOT FOR potable / drinking water
$9.88
while supplies last
polybutylene male adapter 025x038 1/4" N x 3/8" Mips Adapter $8.16 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 3500a 1/4" N x 1/4" N In-Line Globe Shut-Off Valve $19.13 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene nut 025 1/4" Nut $1.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 025 1/4" Grip Ring $1.11 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 025 1/4" Cone $0.69 Enter a quantity and

3/8" Repair Fittings

Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene elbow 038x038 3/8" x 3/8" 90° Elbow $8.81 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male elbow adapter 038 nom x 038 mips 3/8" N x 3/8" Mips 90° Elbow $9.49 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene tee 3/8" x 1/4" x 1/4" Tee $7.18 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 432 0375 nom x 025 nom 3/8" N x 3/8" OD (1/4" N) Straight Stop Valve
includes 2 each: nut, cone, & grip ring
$15.95 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 0375 nom x 0375 nom 3/8" N x 3/8" N In-Line Globe Shut-Off Valve
includes 2 each: nut, cone, & grip ring
$19.89 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 0375 cone 3/8" Cone $0.50 Enter a quantity and

1/2" Repair Fittings

Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene 90 degree elbow 050 x 050 1/2" x 1/2" 90° Elbow $10.66 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene elbow adapter 050 nom x 038 mips 1/2" N x 3/8" Mips 90° Elbow
NOT FOR potable / drinking water
$7.67
while supplies last
polybutylene male elbow adapter 050 nom x 038 mips 1/2" N x 3/8" Mips 90° Elbow $9.09 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female elbow 050 nom x 050 fips 1/2" N x 1/2" Fips 90° Elbow $8.19 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female drop ear elbow 050 nom x 050 fips 1/2" N x 1/2" Fips Drop Ear 90° Elbow $12.97 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female drop ear elbow 050 nom x 075 fips 1/2" N x 3/4" Fips Drop Ear 90° Elbow $12.99 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene male mips adapter 050 nom x 038 mips 1/2" N x 3/8" Mips Adapter
NOT FOR potable / drinking water
$11.79
while supplies last
Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male mips adapter 050 nom x 050 mips 1/2" N x 1/2" Mips Adapter $12.00 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 050 nom x 075 mips 1/2" N x 3/4" Mips Adapter $18.16 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 050 nom x 050 fips 1/2" N x 1/2" Fips Adapter $7.21 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 050 x 075 1/2" N x 3/4" Fips Adapter $9.50 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female coupling 050 x 050 1/2" Fips x 1/2" Fips Coupling $4.33 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene angle stop valve 302 050 fpt x 025 nom 1/2" FPT x 3/8" OD (1/4" N)
Angle Stop Valve
includes 1 each: nut, cone, & grip ring
$11.76 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene angle stop valve 303 050 fpt x 038 nom 1/2" FPT x 1/2" OD (3/8" N)
Angle Stop Valve
includes 1 each: nut, cone, & grip ring
$11.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 401 050 fpt x 050 mpt 1/2" FPT x 1/2" MPT Straight Stop Valve
stop valve only
$11.96 Enter a quantity and
qicktite straight stop valve 050 ips qv411 1/2" MPT x 1/2" MPT Straight Stop Valve
stop valve only
$11.19 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene straight stop valve 402 050 fpt x 025 nom 1/2" FPT x 3/8" OD (1/4" N)
Straight Stop Valve
includes 1 each: nut, cone, & grip ring
$13.97 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 3500 1/2" MPT x 1/2" MPT
In-Line Globe Shut-off Valve
stop valve only
$20.27 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cap 050 fips 1/2" Cap $2.32 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene plug 050 octagonal head plug 1/2" Plug - octagonal head $1.82 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene nut 050 1/2" Nut $1.52 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 050 1/2" Grip Ring Discontinued
polybutylene cone 050 1/2" Cone $0.63 Enter a quantity and

3/4" Repair Fittings

Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene elbow 075 x 050 3/4" x 1/2" 90° Elbow $14.29 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male elbow adapter 075 nom x 075 mips 3/4" N x 3/4" Mips 90° Elbow
NOT FOR potable / drinking water
$8.33
while supplies last
polybutylene male elbow adapter 075 x 075 3/4" N x 3/4" Mips 90° Elbow $17.27 Enter a quantity and
image unavailable 3/4" N x 3/4" Fips 90° Elbow $12.32 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene male adapter 075 x 050 3/4" N x 1/2" Mips Adapter $19.20 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 075 x 075 3/4" N x 3/4" Mips Adapter $24.95 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 075 nom x 075 fips 3/4" N x 3/4" Fips Adapter Discontinued Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 075 nom x 100 fips 3/4" N x 1" Fips Adapter $13.99 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female coupling 075 fips x 075 fips 3/4" Fips x 3/4" Fips Coupling $5.75 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene plug 075 3/4" Plug - square head $2.81 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene nut 075 3/4" Nut $2.77 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 075 3/4" Grip Ring $1.04 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene copper crimp ring 075 3/4" Copper Crimp Ring $0.40 Enter a quantity and

1" Repair Fittings

Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene coupling 100 x 075 1" x 3/4" Coupling $15.15 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene coupling 100 x 100 1" x 1" Coupling Discontinued Enter a quantity and
polybutylene elbow 100 x 050 1" x 1/2" 90° Elbow $16.84 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene elbow 100 x 075 1" x 3/4" 90° Elbow $18.50 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene elbow 100 x 100 1" x 1" 90° Elbow $19.30 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene tee 100 x 100 x 100 1" x 1" x 1" Tee $29.81 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene male adapter 100 x 100 1" N x 1" Mips Adapter $51.42 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 100 x 075 1" N x 3/4" Fips Adapter $15.46 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene female adapter 100 x 100 1" N x 1" Fips Adapter $12.81 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene inline globe shutoff valve 4100 100 mpt x 100 mpt 1" MPT x 1" MPT
In-Line Globe Shut-off Valve
stop valve only
$27.20 Enter a quantity and
Image Description Price & Quantity
polybutylene nut 100 1" Nut $3.48 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene crimp ring 100 1" Grip Ring $1.07 Enter a quantity and
polybutylene cone 100 1" Cone $0.72 Enter a quantity and

Related Items & Accessories:


Frequently Asked Questions

Q. "I purchased some 1/2" and 3/4" pipe, but I'm not sure how loose or tight they should be. How should I tighten the nuts on the couplings?"
A. Tighten until they squeak, and turn a 1/4 turn more. Don't over tighten, and you'll have a connection that will last trouble free for many years and can easily be taken apart and reused.

Q. "What do I need to keep in mind when I'm connecting QickTite fittings to my pipe?"
A. To install QickTite compression fittings, start by turning off the water supply to prevent leaks. Make sure the fittings and pipe are clean and free from debris. Begin tightening the nut by hand, being careful not to cross-thread the fitting, then use two wrenches for a secure fit without damaging the fittings. (Remember to listen for a high-pitched squeaking sound as the fitting compresses the nut and sleeve onto the pipe.) After reactivating the water supply, check for leaks and make necessary adjustments to confirm a leak-free connection. It's a good idea to periodically recheck the fittings to maintain tightness.

Q. "Can I use the above fittings to mix copper, PEX and Polybutylene pipe?"
A. The above Qest acetal fittings fit over copper, cpvc, PEX (crosslinked polyethylene) and Polybutylene pipe. They have a stainless crimp fitting and an acetal compression sleeve that fit over any of those pipes. You can have copper on one side and cpvc on the other side of the fitting, etc. They are very easy to use. They are more bulky than the old insert fittings and for tight places they might not fit or work.

Q. "I have a Qest QickTite Tee and one of the nuts keeping the polybutylene pipe attached to the Tee has cracked. To remove and replace the nut I will need to cut the metal grip ring off but then my pipe will be too short. What can I do?"
A. Since polybutylene pipe is no longer available you will need to use a piece of PEX, CPVC, or copper pipe, a QickTite nut, grip ring, and cone as well as a QickTite coupling. Cut a length of the new pipe depending on how much of the old pipe you wish to replace. Make sure it is slightly longer than the piece of pipe you will be replacing. Place the nut, grip ring and cone onto the new piece of pipe you will be using. Attach the coupling on the other end of the new pipe and then attach the other end of the coupling to your existing polybutylene pipe. If you will be replacing a length of pipe between two QickTite fittings then you won't need the QickTite coupling. Just use two each of the nuts, two each of the grip rings, and two each of the cones, and connect one set of each to both ends of the pipe to be threaded onto the existing fittings.

Example of adding new pipe to existing pipe

Q. "I get confused about CPVC sizes. What type of CPVC pipe do these fittings fit?"
A. There are two "standard" sizes in CPVC, and this can be confusing. There is the size that matches the outside diameter of copper, which is called "CTS-sized". This is the type of CPVC that we offer, and that's the size that these QEST fittings will fit. With these fittings, you simply add 1/8" to the fitting size to determine the outside diameter of the pipe that will fit. (For instance, a 1/2" QEST fitting will fit CPVC pipe that has a 5/8" outside diameter.) PLEASE NOTE: The other type of CPVC pipe is the same size as steel pipe, which is known as "IPS-sized"; these QEST fittings will NOT compress onto IPS-sized pipe.

Q. "What does Nominal mean?"
A. "Nominal" means existing in name only and refers to the inside diameter size of the pipe, which varies by thickness of the pipe. The outside is a constant size and is always 1/8" larger than the nominal size. Example: 1/2" nominal is always 5/8" O.D. (Outside Diameter)

Nominal Size To OD Size Conversion Table
O.D. Of Pipe Nominal Pipe Size
1/4" 1/8"
3/8" 1/4"
1/2" 3/8"
5/8" 1/2"
7/8" 3/4"
1-1/8" 1"
1-3/8" 1-1/4"
1-5/8" 1-1/2"
2-1/8" 2"

Q. "How do crimp fittings work?"
A. Crimp fittings consist of two pieces: a male piece that fits inside the tubing and a crimp ring that fits over the tubing. A tool is used to crimp the ring onto the male fitting inside the tubing. This creates a permanent water/air tight seal with the tubing being captured between the two pieces.

Q. "Will your PEX crimp fittings work with my Polybutylene pipe?"
A. The crimp fittings we sell are made for use with plastic pipe that is Copper Tube Size (CTS), such as PEX. Since polybutylene has been discontinued since 1995, we cannot guarantee that these fittings will work on polybutylene pipe. If your pipe is CTS, these fittings may work, but we can only say for sure that these fittings will work on PEX and other CTS plastic pipe.

Q. "Can I use QickTite fittings to repair my hydronic heating piping?"
A. QickTite fittings are for use with basic residential plumbing. They are not designed for use with hydronic heating systems and they are not intended for use in recirculation systems of any kind.

return to top ↑

Copyright© 1995-2024 PlumbingSupply.com.
All Rights Reserved.